Reasons to Teach in a Private School

Teaching in a private school has many advantages over teaching in a public school: a thin management structure, small class sizes, smaller schools, clear discipline policies, ideal teaching conditions, and common goals. Thin Management Structure A private school is its own independent entity. Its not part of a large administrative group of schools, like  those in a school district. So you dont have to go up or down through layers of bureaucracy to deal with issues. Private schools are autonomous units of manageable size. The organization chart typically has the following upward path: staffdepartment headhead of schoolboard. You will find additional layers in larger schools, but even these institutions feature thin management structures. The advantages are obvious: responsiveness to issues and clear communication channels. You dont need a union to help you deal with issues when you have easy access to administrators. Small Class Sizes This issue goes to the heart of what teachers are all about. Small class sizes allow educators in private schools to teach effectively, give students the individual attention they deserve, and accomplish the educational goals entrusted to them. Private schools typically have class sizes between 10 and 12 students. Parochial schools generally have larger class sizes, but even they are smaller than those in comparable public schools. Contrast this with public schools, which range from 25 to 40 or more students per class. At that class size, the teacher becomes a traffic cop. Smaller Schools Most private schools have 300 to 400 students. The largest independent schools top out at only about 1,100 students. Compare that with public schools with 2,000 to 4,000 students or more, and its clear that students in private schools are not just numbers. Teachers can get to know all their students as well as others throughout the school community. The community is what private schools are all about. Clear Discipline Policies While there are many differences between public and private schools, the primary difference is the approach to discipline. In a private school, the rules of the school are clearly laid out when the teacher signs a contract. By signing the contract, the teacher agrees to abide by its terms, which include consequences for infractions of the discipline code. In a public school, the disciplinary process takes time and frequently is cumbersome and complicated. Students quickly learn how to game the system and can tie teachers up in knots for weeks over disciplinary matters.​ Ideal Teaching Conditions Teachers want to be creative. They want to teach their subjects. They want to light the fires of enthusiasm for learning within their young charges. Because private schools adhere to the spirit, but not to the letter, of state-mandated curricula, there is great flexibility in the choice of texts and of teaching methodologies. Teachers at private schools dont necessarily need to abide by state- or local school board-mandated curriculums, tests, and teaching methods. Common Goals Private school students are there because their parents want them to have the best possible education. Parents are paying serious money for that service. Consequently, everybody expects the very best results. If a teacher is passionate about her subject, she feels the same way. These common goals between parents and teachers—as well as administrators—make teaching at a private school a very desirable option. Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski

Characterism And Symbolism In Tolstoys Anna Karenina

In Anna Karenina, Tolstoy marks Anna Karenina as a character of sensual beauty and ultimately suffocates her persona with superficiality that inhibits any attempt towards authentic emotion free from the constraint of constant attraction. Anna’s semblance overwhelms any social situation, preventing her from being anything more profound than the most beautiful woman in the room. While each element in Anna’s life changes as the story progresses, the rings on her fingers remain constant. The detail placed on Anna’s hands indicate that the adorning rings have a greater significance than a materialistic accessory, and instead are meant to provide a sense of stability. The rings are details that pertain only to her, and it is through the movement†¦show more content†¦The concept of wearing a ring is itself an expectation that comes with marriage, so Anna relentlessly challenges institutionalized matrimony by rejecting the standard of a wedding band. The brief e xistential commitment that Anna faces reveals a level of depth to her thought that is quite layered and introspective as it is full of nuanced identity. It is only within the closure of her rings that Anna canâ€Å"all at once [know] what was in her soul †¦ with the trace of a smile of commiseration for herself she sat down in the armchair, taking off and putting on the rings on her left hand.† As Anna touches her rings, she is able to softly approach the subject of her existence. Contemplating her â€Å"shame and disgrace† that will be â€Å"saved by death,† Anna confronts her desire to live from the depths of her â€Å"soul.† â€Å"As though absorbed in the arrangement of her rings,† and thus in deep thought, Karenin â€Å"went up to her, and [took] her by the hand.† Distracted by her husband, Anna loses focus from herself and nervously touches her rings as she stands up to her husband to give her a necessary moment of reassurance. He r hands contrast the popping knuckles of her husband, further revealing the disparity in their relationship and their incompatibility. â€Å"The blue veins in his white hands †¦ the cracking of his fingers, and remembering the feeling which had existed between them †¦ she shuddered with loathing,† overpowers Anna’s â€Å"dazzling and white hand with its rings† (788).

Linking benefit and pay and to competitive advantage Free Essays

For companies to be able to give their best and produce high quality goods and services they require to have a work force which is of high productive, their productivity is mostly based on some few aspect such a pay and benefit and competitive advantages. As companies/firm face still competition to control the market some management of these companies are coming up with ideas to please their employee and accommodate them in their firm. All firms require these three things. We will write a custom essay sample on Linking benefit and pay and to competitive advantage or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some have attractive benefits others are reassessing their offers some package are fund education, elderly care , health care for employee family, offer transport for their employee, rewarding the most productive employee and providing houses for their employees. Fund education Some companies encourage their employee to further their studies and climb up the ladder in the company. This is done in order to increase employee experience in what he/she handle in the company. It’s also done in order to increase the productiveness of a employee. Elderly care As most companies face stiff competition service and good, some firms are starting a package to cater for their employee who have since retired and are in their late ages. This is done in order for an employee to be bale to concentrate on his duties and give their best in that company. Company which offer these services tends mostly to out d other s who do not have such kind of services in their operation. Health care for their immediate family Where an employee is required to leave his place of work and go to take his immediate member of family to a hospital, some companies are cutting this wastage of time by introducing health care services to their employee not only saves time the service will also save the employee money as he/she does not need to spend anything in the hospital as his company will settle the bills. Offer transport for their employee Firm will buy buses which are used to ferry their employee from their residence to their place of work this is done in order to be bale to save to time which they could have used to go and look for other means of transport and thus reporting to work late or already exhausted and thus been unable to produce more for the company. In some firm every employee is dropped at his/her door and thus save companies and also employee time. Rewarding the most productive employee In most firms an employee who produces more in the firm is mostly rewarded by the management this is done in such away that the productiveness of employee is perused, where by a firm provide a questioner where every employee fills the questioner with the guidance of the management. Providing houses to employee In area where the employee comes from a far distance the firm provide houses for their employee where the employer do not want their employee to waste time they are provided with a house where they resides together with their family. It’s also done in order for a company to be able to know that their employees are safe. Results Companies which have the above described services to their employee tend to have high production and do better than other who does not have any benefit /competitive advantage. Messer. M (2006) Benefits: Gian a competitive edge with offerings employers want strategic finance 88.no5, 8, and 10 Competition for experienced accounting and finance professional increase organization are looking for ways to give themselves an edge way top help, a worker achieve a better work life balance this is by making the worker comfortableness in his work and also in his life among the benefits is over time work and companies that offer facilities such as health care or similar effort demonstrate commitment to personal to their employees. They use various ways such as sharpening the skills of the employee, Sharpening of skill This is done by the company sending employee to school to increase their skill in the company. This effect is felt by the company in their production. Incase where an employee is kept comfortable by the company he tends to produce more in turn of return. A company input can determine the employee out put this is determined oh how committed is the company to its employees. Company and employee vary widely. In order for a company to perform effectively its must know who to hire, retain nature and develop its employees. The trouble is the employee effective studies show that the best and the academically brightest are more likely to leave a firm. This is the best are mostly not comfortable either by the working condition or the workers pay and benefits and thus they are poached by other companies which have better conditio0n and benefits. A company may use the benefits to increase its employee morale and retaining and attracting employees it can also use benefits to keep employee attitude and increase their performance. Such benefit includes career growth or a mentor in a firm. Career growth This is whereby the company can take its employee to school in order for them to acquire new skill for the company. This makes the employee to feel that the company owns them and thus give all the best to the company. What is important in any company is the employee and their status a important factor any company to keep its clients and its business knowing its attached into it .its capability to recruit, retain and develop its employees. In most countries in the third world many workforces will join many companies with a view of giving their best into the company will be determined by company interest in strengthening and restructuring the employee profession. Those different employees will look different in most companies, some will be challenged by the rumination given by the company and advance their career with the aim of crimping the ladder and also for a better pay. Some will not work with the referenced company for long due to been unable to adapt to the company, other will go to better paying companies, provide better working condition have good package. Many employee do not take a company as a place to work for over five years they gauge their stray on some aspect its understood that many employee in the country are more likely to leave seeking better working condition and other rumination. In some companies they have developed ways of tapping the promising employee by promoting him over the ladder, they also encourage them to go to school and advance their career in order for them to climb the ladder of promotion and get better pay thus encouraging them to work with the said company. Companies should at least look into employees policies under which they work. Schwartz B,R,Wurtzel J, Olson L ; attracting and retaining teachers organization for a economic cooperation and development. The OECD Observer no261.27-28 In each and every company all workers rigorous requires some readiness. In order for them to be able to produce for the company this means they have to asses the work of the company what is expected of them and their aims/goals. Introduction For example some company creates a week in the company calendar for rigorous training and also introduction. This enables the employee to be able to produce what is expected of him. It also expects to minimize time loss in the company. To develop a company to be able to produce more and have effective employees a company is supposed to match the productiveness of an employee. In some company they provide a questioner which every new and old employee fills, it offer each week this is aimed at direct correspondence between the directors and employee. In order one to known the weakness and strong ness of an employee. Its coordinated in such a way that the directors reads the questionnaire and when they note there is laxness in one employee a special team is there to assist him. Some firm share workshop with other firm this is to ensure that an employee can learn from the other employee of another firm other organization organize for departmental workshop this sharpens an employee and also he /she get to understand what he does not understand . This is aimed at putting them with the high performing employee and low performing employee to effective knowledge. One common thing is that good employee is an advantage to the company in which a company can be able to produce more and employee can learn from one another. Supporting and retaining employee’s makes them feel that they are part of that company thus they work with all their strength knowing that they will be in that company for a long period. In each and every form when making a policies one should address pay and potential for company /sector growth. In many countries most in third world country worker5 policies are becoming a bit tough to the worker and many people are resulting for self- employment a company should come up with way to reward the employee i.e. by paying more for one who produce more. This is linking pay and benefit to competitive advantage. T. H Koen,Wang C,J.2005 Benefits   offer an advantage a firm productivity ?an empirical examination personnel review 34:no4.,393,512 Summary This is explaining or suggesting that employee benefits have a moderate effect on firm productivity, irrespective of industry or firm size.                                     How to cite Linking benefit and pay and to competitive advantage, Essay examples

Organizational Behavior in Australian

Questions: This assessment task requires that you synthesise your understanding of organisational culture and leadership with your theoretical and practical knowledge of OB in Australian organisations. The focus of this activity is to determine how the practice of OB must be redesigned and realigned in multiethnic/multicultural contexts to ensure cultural appropriateness and to achieve organisational effectiveness. 1. Identify and critically analyse and discuss the communication challenges that a leader would expect to encounter in relation to the cultural diversity of many Australian organisations. 2. Critically discuss how leaders can address the ethical issues related to the cultural diversity in many Australian organisations. 3. Identify, synthesise and critically discuss an optimal mix of leadership styles/behaviours which would be aligned with managing culturally diverse workplaces; these should be sufficiently flexible, and able to be appropriately adopted in Australian organisations. Answers: Introduction The modern day organizations display a wide variety of workforce (Podsiadlowski et al., 2013). The diversity is regarding race, religion, culture, ethnicity, language, age, gender and others. The multinational organizations employ a large number of manpower which has culturally diverse backgrounds. They unite together to work in the same organization and towards fulfilling the same organizational goals (Podsiadlowski et al., 2013). There are diverse industries, and there are different types of organizations surviving in the same market place (Podsiadlowski et al., 2013). A single organizational policy or operation manual is not applicable for every organization. There is a need to adapt the organizational rules and regulations as per the needs of the organization. There is a need for the improvement in the employer-employee relationship so that the workplace becomes a mutually enriching place. This paper would explore the communication challenges encountered by a leader in relation to the diverse workforce. The paper would also discuss the ethical issues handled by leaders in a culturally diverse organization. The last segment of the paper describes the leadership styles related to the management of the culturally diverse workplaces. The objective of the paper is to gain a broader knowledge base regarding the management of the multicultural workforce. The strategic challenges in the employee behavior and the leadership issues are discussed. Discussion The organizational culture is an influencing factor for the behavior of the people in an organizational scenario (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). The organizational culture affects the thinking capabilities of the people and their performance as well as commitment towards the organization (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). The organizational culture changes from one organization to the other and there are primarily three forms of the culture namely bureaucratic, innovative and supportive (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). The Australian organizations display higher proportion of the supportive and innovative organizations. The national culture of a country also influences the organizational cultures. The leadership styles contribute a lot towards the achievement of the organizational objectives (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). There is interconnection between the motivation, leadership styles and the performance of the employees. The transformational leadership contributes to commitment and job satisfaction of the employees (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). The attributes of transformational leadership include clarity of vision and empowerment. Australia has a unique blend of employees in the workplaces. There are many advantages of a culturally diverse workplace such as increased innovation, increased productivity and others (Robbins et al., 2013). The organizations are benefitted if they can manage the cultural diversity well. The benefits include reduced employee turnover rates, reduction in the compliance and legal risks, reduction of any negative image of the organization and others (Robbins et al., 2013). The organizations can gain competitive advantages and added value if they can manage their diverse workforce. There are times when the managers are unable to manage the cultural diversity of the workplace due to several reasons (Moran, Abramson Moran, 2014). The reasons can be a lack of clear understanding, lack of communication, moral degradation, and ethical degradation and the degraded relationship between the employer and the employee. In such cases, the organizations start degrading themselves in the eyes of the public, and hence they lag behind their competitors (Moran, Abramson Moran, 2014). There are different kinds of leadership visible in the organizations (Day et al., 2014). A successful leader should have a long sighted vision and the process of the execution of his tasks. The cross-cultural leaders should visualize his works as a challenge and should consider the individual growth as a mean for the organizational growth (Day et al., 2014). They need to manage tactfully the impacts of technology, demographics, work ethics, continuous learning, and globalization so that they can manage the workplace diversity in a better manner (Day et al., 2014). The global leaders are expected to display excellent interpersonal skills and people management skills for minimizing the number of racial conflicts, which occur between the people working in the organization (Day et al., 2014). The cross-cultural leaders should be carefully selected so that they can handle the diverse manpower as well align themselves with the complex business strategies. Answer to Question 1 The global organizations have started realizing the importance of communications in a cross-border business scenario (Spencer Oatey Franklin, 2014). They have started dealing with the challenges that are faced by the business when they operate in international markets. The cross-border communication plays a vital role in the success of the organizations (Erel, Liao Weisbach, 2012). There is no physical connection between the countries, which makes it difficult for the companies to maintain adequate communication. The managers have to depend on the virtual communication methods for performing conversation between the cross-border entities (Erel, Liao Weisbach, 2012). The home markets are undergoing a period of stagnation, and hence, the countries are searching for new avenues for gaining new customers and venturing into new geographical locations (Dikova Sahib, 2013). The companies are viewing the international expansion as a method for achieving higher revenues. This had led to the requirement of productive and harmonious cross-border relationships (Dikova Sahib, 2013). The cross-border relationship would be strengthened by adequate communication skills, which would lead to higher cultural sensitivity. The leaders face a wide variety of communication challenges when managing a cross-cultural team (Cuypers, Ertug Hennart, 2015). The expense of the installation of a virtual communication system poses a big challenge. The organizations usually have the paucity of funds, as a result of which it may not be possible for the organizations to install advanced technological systems (Cuypers, Ertug Hennart, 2015). There are instances when the employees are not given sufficient training to use the virtual communication systems. There are language barriers between the employees of culturally diverse workplace (Chidlow, Plakoyiannaki Welch, 2014). It is considered that English is a widely used global language but still there are employees who are unable to communicate through this language. They prefer to communicate through their local language or their mother tongue. This creates communication barriers, which leads to an obstacle in the work processes. There are faulty recruitment and sele ction methods, which lead to the human resource employing manpower which is not suited for culturally diverse work environments (Cuypers, Ertug Hennart, 2015). The lack of communication leads to greater misunderstandings between the employees. This is because one employee is unable to understand the language or accent of the employee from different cultural background. The linguistic diversity is a serious issue in this regard (Almond Verba, 2015). A serious communication barrier is the hostile and inaccurate stereotypes of people from different cultural background (Cuypers, Ertug Hennart, 2015). The employees prefer to assume the traits of another employee from a different cultural background (Shenkar, 2012). For example, a stereotypical American guy is assumed to be arrogant and rude as well as tolerant in the workplace. In reality, he may be a different person altogether. The act of prejudging individual leads to miscommunications, which eventually creates barriers in the comm unication process. There are behavioral differences between the employees of different cultures (Shenkar, 2012). The different cultures have different behaviors, which they consider to be acceptable. For example, maintaining eye to eye contact during conversations is considered rude in some cultures, while in some cultures, the act of not maintaining eye contact is considered as disrespectful. The cross-cultural leader should take care of these minute aspects to successfully manage a diverse workforce. Fig: Management of Cultural Differences Source: Moran, Abramson Moran, 2014 The above diagram describes the different characteristics of the culturally diverse people. There are visible cultural differences, which can be considered as the behavioral characteristics of people and there are certain underlying cultural roots. The invisible cultural roots are the primary cause of the behaviors of different individuals. The cross-border leaders should take an active part in dealing with different communication styles, different approaches for task completion, different decision making styles, and different attitudes towards disclosure and approaches of acknowledging knowledge. The leaders should take an active part in eliminating the communication barriers in the organizations (Edge Hoffman 2013). The organizations have realized that for the purpose of the financial success, they need to demonstrate adequate collaboration and effective cross-border communication (Shenkar, 2012). The organizations are often not able to communicate seamlessly to their cross-border partners. The reasons for miscommunication can be due to technical lags or human errors. The cross-border communication process is an expensive affair. There should be proper allocation of funds for the purpose of facilitating cross-border communication (Shenkar, 2012). There should be proper infrastructural facilities and the deployment of information technology for performing the communication process. Answer to Question 2 The management of the cultural diversity is a crucial job role of the leaders. There are two important dynamics that influence the modern day organizations, namely diversity and ethics. It is important for the organizations to formulate a Code of Ethics so that there is a promotion of ethical business culture (Singh, 2015). There are various types of unethical activities that can be observed in the culturally diverse workplaces. There can be bribery, illegal campaign activities, hiding information, intentional sales of defective goods and other troublesome acts (Bassell, Fischer Friedman, 2015). These kinds of situations represent organizational or individual misconduct. In such circumstances, the ethical framework of the organization is challenged, and it results in a cultural conflict. There are ethical differences, which can lead to conflicting business practices. The bribery is strictly prohibited in every organization and every country (Singh, 2015). There are instances when the senior officials engage in bribery, for gaining business prospects and climbing the corporate ladder (Bassell, Fischer Friedman, 2015). The officials try to hide the bribery amount from their financial statements. There are instances when the officials face hefty fines and jail terms about the crime of bribery (Bassell, F ischer Friedman, 2015). Culture is considered as the basis of business ethics (Sultana et al., 2013). The culture of an organization is directly proportional to the ethical activities of their managers. The organizations managers prefer clear and cohesive guidelines to aid in the decision making process. There are not enough practices to address the cross-ethical cultural practices. There are several conflicts (regarding ethical practices) arising from the cross-cultural workforce. There can be minor issues like the exchange of gifts, employing political misfit labor to major issues like bribery, cheating, false allegations and others (Sultana et al., 2013). The cross-border leader should engage themselves in the moral and philosophical belief of the team. The managers should keep themselves aware regarding the day to day operations of his team. Fraud is common in the business world of today (Baer, 2014). There are instances when a close acquaintance of the manager engages in a major fraud to the company (Baer, 2014). The manager should not be carried away by emotions. The cross-cultural manager should aim to create a minimal risk environment in the environment. There should be detailed planning for combating fraud in the workplace. The organizations must take note of their corporate strategy and ensure the minimal occurrence of any unethical practices. The illicit transfer of confidential information is also considered as unethical behavior. There are instances when confidential information is passed to an unauthorized person (Schipani Seyhun, 2015). This proves to be a serious concern for the cross-border business. This can occur either due to intentional interference or unintentional interference. A dishonest person can intentionally pass the companys private information to another unauthorized person (Schipani Seyhun, 2015). The information in one geographical region is considered as confidential to that particular region only. A person belonging to a different geographic location and in a different job role should not gain access to that information, even though he or she is working in the same organization (Schipani Seyhun, 2015). There are situations where there is a transfer of confidential information even though there was no intentional approach towards it. For example, one male employee engages in a romantic relationsh ip with a female employee in a different location. There can be sharing of information between the couple, even though there is no bad intent . The organization is at the losing end, as ultimately their private and confidential information is reaching the unauthorized persons (Schipani Seyhun, 2015). The cross-border managers should take adequate measures to combat the unethical practices in the workplace (Kruk, 2013). There should be monitoring and checks on the various interrelationships between the employees. The manager should formulate anti-fraud strategies according to the organizational needs. There should be counseling sessions as well as seminars for boosting the morale of the employees. There should be the formulation of ethical standards guide as per the organization (Kruk, 2013). It should provide adequate guidelines for the company to perform in a trustworthy and honest manner in all their company related interactions. These kinds of standards would motivate the employees to undertake right decisions for the company (Kruk, 2013). It would also allow them to report any unethical behavior, which is observed by them. The managers should also inform the organizational standards and the expected legal practices to the employees (Kruk, 2013). The managers should convey strict legal actions against employees who are found to be engaged in unethical practices. The corrective actions can be imprisonment, hefty fines, instant termination, blacklisting and others (McCormick, 2012). The managers should establish the corporate culture and underline the core values of the organization. The corporate culture should outline the factors of respect, trust and honest dealings in their business practices and the communication channels. The human resource team should recruit the right person (McCormick, 2012). The detailed background check should be made a compulsory tool for the recruitment process (McCormick, 2012). Proper care should be taken so that they hire trustworthy and ethical persons in the workplace (McCormick, 2012). There should be proper penalty systems for unethical and dishonest behavior. The human resource department should set a high example standard by recruiting an honest employee, which boosts the morale of the other employees. Answer to Question 3 The competitive nature of the workplaces, which has resulted as a result of globalization, demands the leader to possess a diverse set of skills and abilities. The cross-cultural leaders should be able to manage the culturally different infrastructures, which are also known as cultural quotient or cultural intelligence (Erez et al., 2013). There should be a blended organizational culture, which should respect each and every employee. The cross-border leaders in Australia are expected to direct a diverse group of employees, originating from different cultural backgrounds. The leaders in Australia believe in the fact that group dynamics is an important role in the practice of global leadership (DeChurch et al., 2013). The various management approaches and different leadership styles should be adopted by circumstances as well as group dynamics. The judgment can affect the behavior and values of the individual working together in a group. The leadership styles are affected by the varying perceptions of the colleagues, superiors, and subordinates. The similar norms, relations, behaviors, and roles are kept together in a group, and the group is an entity, which acts as individual entities. The key for cultural innovation is the group dynamics (Hogan Coote, 2014). The team size has a direct impact on the group dynamics and the patterns of leadership. For example, a large team size demands an autocratic or formal leadership for the purpose of direction. The dynamic cross-cultural competencies are crucial for global managers and leaders, which can be improve d by the characteristics of personality as well as the development of cross-cultural experiences. The act of the influence of the attitudes, thoughts and behaviors about a global community so that they can work together is known as global leadership (Caligiuri Tarique, 2012). The aim of the global leadership is to work together towards the accomplishment of a common goal. There are six crucial dimensions of global leadership. They are traits, values, cross-border relationship skills, global business expertise, cognitive traits, visionary skills and the expertise of global organizing (Caligiuri Tarique, 2012). The global leaders should be able to influence as well as set themselves as a role model to motivate the attitude of the employees. The global leaders should enable the global community to achieve the common organizational goals. The leadership patterns in Australia consist of transformational leadership and charismatic leadership. The charismatic leaders are known to possess divine personality who can perform miracles (Tsaur et al., 2014). The leaders influence the teammates with exceptional qualities. The charismatic leaders are known to arouse great levels of enthusiasm and a certain degree of commitment in the followers (Tsaur et al., 2014). They present a compelling vision so that they gain the confidence of their followers. The charismatic leaders are best suited for managing cross-cultural diversity because they have innovative ways and effective methods of performing managerial tasks (Tsaur et al., 2014). They can bring radical change in the organizations by their out of the box thinking, and they believe in the achievement of unusual success. The transformational leadership has a wonderful capability of inspiring and transforming his followers by a unique appeal of their job role (Herman Chiu, 2014). The transformational leaders make their team members aware of their value as well as importance in their day to day work. This type of leadership is suitable for the cross-cultural managers as there are diverse job roles, which needs to be performed by the employees (Herman Chiu, 2014). The cross-cultural leaders induce a sense of self-interest in the job roles of the fellow employees, which increases their productivity rates (Muenjohn, 2015). The increased productivity rate is beneficial to the organization. The transformational leaders develop their concerned team to shoulder a wide range of responsibilities (Muenjohn, 2015). This is done by instilling a level of confidence and skills among the fellow organizations, which drives to give better performances (Muenjohn, 2015). The followers get motivated by the leader, which is very important in a culturally diverse organization. The team members depend on their leaders for guidance, cooperation, and inspiration (Muenjohn, 2015). There is an increased level of commitment, motivation, encouragement, enthusiasm, and empowerment, as a result of transformational leadership, which makes it a popular leadership style for managing a diverse workforce (Soieb, Othman D'Silva, 2013). The Australian population has a belief in the transformational leadership as they found it very suitable for managing diverse organizations. Conclusion It is an important job duty of the managers to manage effectively the culturally diverse workforce. The organizations in Australia are culturally diverse and comprises of employees from different backgrounds. In such diverse organizations, there are instances there are gaps in the communication process. The different cultures have different organizational culture, which influences the performance of the employees. The communication is a vital process in a culturally diverse workforce. The work teams located in diverse geographical locations need to interact with each other on a regular basis. This is discussed in detail in this paper. The various communication challenges faced by the cross-cultural leaders are also discussed in detail. The patterns of the cultural differences are discussed. The cross-cultural leaders need to take care of the ethical aspects of the business. The various types of unethical activities that are observed in the workplaces are discussed. The different meas ures that are taken by the leaders to minimize the unethical activities are also explained. The mix of leadership styles that are displayed by diverse workforce leaders is also discussed. This paper will broaden the knowledge base of the organizational behavior displayed in diverse cross-cultural organizations. References Almond, G. A., Verba, S. (2015).The civic culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Princeton University Press. Alvesson, M., Sveningsson, S. 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Going global: Developing management students' cultural intelligence and global identity in culturally diverse virtual teams.Academy of Management Learning Education,12(3), 330-355. Herman, H. M., Chiu, W. C. (2014). Transformational leadership and job performance: A social identity perspective.Journal of Business Research,67(1), 2827-2835. Hogan, S. J., Coote, L. V. (2014). Organizational culture, innovation, and performance: A test of Schein's model.Journal of Business Research,67(8), 1609-1621. Kruk, J. (2013). Good scientific practice and ethical principles in scientific research and higher education.Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine,1(1), 25-29. McCormick, J. (2012). AN ETHICAL FRAMEWORK FOR CROSS-BORDER LABOR RECRUITMENT. Moran, R. T., Abramson, N. R., Moran, S. V. (2014).Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Muenjohn, N. (2015). Transformational leadership: The influence of culture on the leadership behaviours of expatriate managers.international Journal of Business and information,2(2). Podsiadlowski, A., Grschke, D., Kogler, M., Springer, C., van der Zee, K. (2013). Managing a culturally diverse workforce: Diversity perspectives in organizations.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,37(2), 159-175. Robbins, S., Judge, T. A., Millett, B., Boyle, M. (2013).Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Schipani, C. A., Seyhun, H. N. (2015). Defining'Material, Nonpublic': What Should Constitute Illegal Insider Information?.Fordham Journal of Corporate and Financial Law, Forthcoming. Shenkar, O. (2012). Beyond cultural distance: Switching to a friction lens in the study of cultural differences.Journal of International Business Studies,43(1), 12-17. Singh, M. (2015). Importance of Social Responsibilities and Ethical Values in Corporate.International Journal of Research in Management Business Studies. Soieb, A. Z. M., Othman, J., D'Silva, J. L. (2013). The effects of perceived leadership styles and organizational citizenship behaviour on employee engagement: The mediating role of conflict management.International Journal of Business and Management,8(8), 91. Spencer Oatey, H., Franklin, P. (2014).Intercultural interaction. John Wiley Sons, Inc.. Sultana, M., Rashid, M., Mohiuddin, M., Mazumder, M. N. H. (2013). Cross-cultural management and organizational performance: A content analysis perspective.Cross-Cultural Management and Organizational Performance: A Content Analysis Perspective, 133-146.

Heart Of Darkenss Essay Research Paper Heart free essay sample

Heart Of Darkenss Essay, Research Paper Heart of Darkness Critique CritiquePeriod 2 One said one time, of Heart of Darkness, that? this astonishing narrative that was non so much told as suggested to me in desolate exclaimings, completed in shrugs, in interrupted phrases, in intimations stoping in deep sighs. ? This consequence was created by the semblances Conrad made through usage of enunciation, manner, and narrative construction. We will write a custom essay sample on Heart Of Darkenss Essay Research Paper Heart or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A fresh review has a rather complicated undertaking in his analysis of a novel. He is to cast visible radiation into the dark corners of the work where the tools used to construct the novel are to be found. The Heart of Darkness is an highly good illustration of a well-built novel. A well-built novel is merely possible with good tools. The articles of review, Numberss 4, 10, 6, 7, 9, and 11, are effectual theoretical accounts of reviews, which illuminate the deepest crannies of a novel ; in order to detect the tools so articulately used, such as enunciation, manner, and narrative construction. Critique # 4, written by Walter J. Ong on? The Ending of The Heart of Darkness? was effectual in foregrounding some of Conrad? s innovations through enunciation. For case, he speaks of how Conrad uses the word? voice? so often throughout the novel. He states that, ? Heart of Darkness consists of a web of voices, of calls and responses, frequently explicitly called to the reader? s attending to set up multi-layered engagement and mystery. ? This statement offers a great trade of truth. His mention to Kurtz as? the voice? provides a great trade of enigma. The whole construct of voice is highly of import in this novel. Voice describes narrative, which is a outstanding tool occupied throughout the narrative, as narrative displacements and becomes altered. In this review, the writer provides many quotation marks which both describe how effectual? voice? can be in adding to the enigma of the narrative, and symbolically represent narrative, or farther: the psyche. This essay besides points out the sarcasm of Kurtz? s last words ; particularly in mention to what? the Intended? had predicted them to be. Critique # 10 is a good beginning of more information about the narrative and narrative construction of Heart of Darkness, which is an highly big component thereof. It accurately assumes that? linguistic communication as a system of communicating and transmittal, as the medium of official lifes and clear studies, has no topographic point for the indefinable ; it is used instead to cover up the unnamable, to reweave the seamless web of signification. ? He besides shows the complications of the narrative as he explains that the? replaceability of names? marks the noteworthy alterability of narratives? . Besides by saying that Marlow? is non merely a Teller of narratives, but a reteller? he shows the unique? narrative secret plan? created by Conrad. With a quotation mark he besides efficaciously describes the rare building of the narrative. He states that? the construction of? framed narrative? used in Heart of Darkness will non in this case give a orderly form of nested boxes, brackete d nucleus constructions, nuts within shells. ? The writer of this review urges the reader? to read Heart of Darkness as a narrative even more than as a narrative or a story. ? He largely likely suggests this because his belief that? intending must shack in the relation between the narrative? s relation and its hearing, in its response, its dealing? ? Critique # 9 is besides written to light the manner Conrad uses narrative construction in the formation of his narrative. He underlines the oddness of? the manner up [ in the narrative ] is the manner back? , and how the narrative struct ure is? a sort of contrary evolution? . This signifier of narrative is rare. The review moves on to state that the? narrative line of the journey comes to be doubled by the more specifically end oriented plot line of the inquest? . ? So it is that Marlow? s inquest, in the mode of the investigator? s, becomes the retracing of the path of a precursor. ? The writer of this review besides exactly points out how, ? In Marlow? s narrative, we witness the formation of motive in the center of the journey. ? This penetration to construction of narrative is rather helpful to the reader. Critique # 6 is effectual in showing how Conrad efficaciously used manner to carry through his undertaking. As to the manner of the narrative he explains that? the purpose is non to subject the reader to multiple strains and ambiguities, but instead to throw over him a incubation somberness? . Unlike most novels, the motion is non of action and effect, but instead? the tracing of a big expansive circle of consciousness? . This manner and end is alone to Heart of Darkness. The author of this review besides points out the demoralisation of people here as he provides sentences where the 2nd storyteller refers to gross or monumental things in a inactive, insouciant tone. I believe the writer of this review was right in believing that? Heart of Darkness? remains one of the great dark speculations in literature, and one of the purest looks of a melancholic disposition. ? Critique # 7 would be a good beginning of information to one who was interested in detecting more about the usage of linguistic communication in this novel. One of the most absorbing parts of Heart of Darkness was the manner? linguistic communication? fails in trying to detect the significance of Kurtz and of the experience? . The manner Marlow refers to Kurtz in such an aeriform affair helps back up this thought. The writer of this review puts his ain command as to the significance of? the horror? , which was wallowed out as Kurtz drew in his last breath. He says that he thinks it? can hold but one significance: all Black Marias are in darkness ; the morality and significance with which adult male surrounds himself and his experience is unreal? . Anyhow, the point of transgressing this portion of the narrative is to demo how sometimes Conrad employs inexplicable, cryptic, and substitutable enunciation. Last, in Critique # 11, visible radiation is one time more being shed on the narrative construction and narrative of the novel. It begins by proposing that? the exchange between Marlow and the manque listener/frame storyteller in the narrative? s gap provides the key for a reading of different lingual degrees sketched by the narrative frame. The first storyteller has two chief maps: to show scene, and to be the voice of? young person? . Marlow, the chief storyteller is the? spirit of the past? who relates most of the narrative. Last, the voice of nature, Kurtz is besides a presenter of this narrative. The writer of this review besides indicate out that in the presentation of Marlow, the reader should be warned against? concentrating on Marlow? s history of events when he is the supporter, but instead in the deformations which the re-creation of his subjective experience produces on the narrative. Through careful analysis of the narrative, some of these articles were efficaciously able to light Conrad? s superb narrative. Some through description of narrative, some through the word picture of enunciation, and some through presentation manner, but all through careful reading, and relation of personal experiences, helped do this fresh even more alive, and the journey into the bosom of darkness becomes even more cooling.

Salvation on Sand Mountain essays

Salvation on Sand Mountain essays Dennis Covington writes about the snake handling rituals that go on in Scottsboro, Alabama, in March on 1992 he calls it Salvation on Sand Mountain. While going to the services held at the churches, Covington realizes that he is not only doing a story on other peoples religions, but that he is also discovering his own religion. Covington creates feelings of sympathy and disgust for the reader while he talks about snake handling in southern churches. Through Covingtons eyes the reader is exposed to his spiritual journey, family, and southern beliefs about snake handling. Covingtons spiritual journey throughout Salvation on Sand Mountain was shocking. It makes one think that the phrase everything happens for a reason really is true. His first experience in a serpent-handling church was exhilarating and unsettling (11). Compared to Covingtons small Methodist church in Birmingham, Al. the snake-handling church on Sand Mountain seemed to bring a different point of view to Covington about his spiritual life. For example, Covington stated that he wanted to experience more (11) because the services at The Church of Jesus with Signs Following always seemed to leave Covington wondering about what was going to happen next. Dennis Covington began to get closer to the congregation and he soon had a taste for handling snakes. After he became familiar with the church services, he began to invite his family to come along. Covingtons daughter, Ashley, also had an influence on Covington becoming more interested in the snake handling ritual. She was the one person that he thought would never like an act such as snake handling. Her reaction to the services startled him. The raw hillbilly music had been imprinted on her genes, like something deep within her she was remembering (114). Ashleys reaction to the ritual brought on a more determined ...

IP_WK1_MR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IP_WK1_MR - Essay Example However, I believe that learning accounting is an imperative in being a part of any business organization just as it is for any company—no matter what size, industry it belong to, and whether it is profit-oriented or for other purposes. My professional goal is to build a career in marketing that, which I cannot excel in without the knowledge of accounting equation and the effects of various transactions in each of the company’s income statement and balance sheet accounts. I now believe that all departments and all employees should work hand-in-hand with the finance department in order to ensure that financial goals are being met. A sound knowledge of the different financial statements will enable an employee to have a clear understanding of where the fund goes, how money is provided by different activities, if salaries could be increased, and even the level of assets that the company has. As a person hoping to work in the marketing department, accounting knowledge will enable me to assess whether a newly launched brand is realizing the targeted level of sales. Accounting will also enable me to evaluate the profitability of the different brands by understanding the relationship between revenue and costs. It will also enable me to understand which drives costs in the company and be able to respond to this by efficient cost management. An understanding of the financial statements also allows me to recognize which brands to launch with the knowledge of how each will affect the company’s accounts. I believe that marketing plans should always be accompanied by comprehensive budgets which detail how sales will grow in the period, which assets to utilize, and the level of inventories. Thus, a good marketer should be knowledgeable and skilled in accounting in order to make the most profitable and best decision. I have realized that financial problems be only detected b y finance guys but every department should be able

Book report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Book report - Essay Example In the footsteps of an international pacifist network that had protested nuclear armament since the 1950s, the anti ­war movement was also able to gather a worldwide following of protesters by the late 1960s, all of whom had one thing in common—their opposition to the Vietnam War. The international aspect of this opposition and its transnationalism can attribute to a collective zeitgeist of the time. Many people in America did not want the U.S to engage in another deadly war. The book clearly shows how the American army during the Vietnam war failed to offer moral counsel to young soldiers who were traumatized the events of the war. Further, the U.S soldiers believed that the war was unjust and most of them were afraid to die. Instead, the U.S army I only concerned about bringing men to the battlefield, men who do not question who to shoot or why they have to shoot, nor require to comprehend the effects it may cause on their mental and physical health. This is an example whe re O’Brien is engaged in the war to struggle against the U.S involvement in the war as he sees his friends and other soldiers die. Despite the fact that he feels the power of revenge to his enemies, he feels that killing innocent people and villagers is morally or ethically wrong (O’Brien 34). ... American soldiers opted to make courageous acts in order to express their manliness. From the book, it is clear that many American soldiers realized that they were not brave enough to withstand their moral or ethical beliefs, losing their respect for their relatives, family seemed to outweigh their convictions, and the soldiers did not want to fail anybody. Peace and antiwar movements extract at least some set of intricate phenomena with varying sources, constituencies, goals, and principles. Some of them have roots in the ancient and medieval world. Contemporary advocacy for peace adapted and inherited the concept of just war and absolute pacifism as propagated by religious non-resistance. In addition, peace and antiwar movements base their argument from the concept of political economy. The antiwar movement against U.S involvement in war with Vietnam began in 1950s and gained its momentum in 1960s up to 1970s. It was the most significant movement of its type in the history of U.S. The U.S got involved in the Vietnam War in 1950 when Harry Truman the then President of the U.S began to underwrite the costs of France’s war against the Vietnam. When the Vietnam War started, most Americans believed that defending South Vietnam from communism was a noble and brilliant idea for their national interest. Communism was posing a threat to democracy around the world by preaching anarchy and authoritarian ideas. During the course of the war, many Americans were concerned about the escalating war costs and rising number of casualties. This led to emergence of anti-war movement that grew into in a strong force in opposing the Vietnam War while pressuring America leaders to withdraw from the war. Together with the civil rights movements of the 1960s, the antiwar movements

Partnerships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Partnerships - Essay Example opriate information may indicate that it is better for the organization to adapt ways that would eliminate any existing limitations instead of remaining independent. This brings the idea of partnership. In addition, an organization can empower its employees through sharing information with them. This would help the employees in making the most appropriate decisions concerning partnerships since they have adequate information beforehand. Moreover, empowerment through creation of clear goals as well as objectives would aid in empowering the employees to make goal-oriented decisions. For instance, the employees might suggest establishment of partnerships as the main way of realizing specific goals as they are well informed on the goals of the organization. Furthermore, creating an environment that encourages making mistakes through taking risks would also be helpful in establishment of partnerships. This would encourage the employees to try new things with the customers and encourage ot hers to do the same. However, berating an individual for trying something would keep others from doing the same and hamper creativity and development in the organization. From an experience perspective, my employer does not punish or even yell at us, the employees, for having introduced a customer to a new idea and asking them to try it. Instead, my employer encourages us to continue trying new things and rewards those successful in developing new ideas. This has extended to the point that risk taking is a competitive advantage that our organization uses to compete in the

Gentrification In New Chinese Urbanism Cultural Studies Essay

Gentrification In New Chinese Urbanism Cultural Studies Essay While the economic system in China reformed from centrally planned economy to market orientated economy, the Chinese urbanization also shifted from industrial urbanism to post-industrial urbanism, especially in large cities. And the emergence of gentrification as a new social phenomenon at the moment has indicated the trend in the next round of urban development. Beijing 798 Art Zone is a typical example reflecting the general scene of such change. Through sixty years time, its identity has transformed from an old industrial site to an active art district, and is now facing the reality to be further developed into a commercial zone gentrified by rich middle-class. There is no single element capable of explaining the entire and sophisticated picture of such process. The changing political economy and social conditions both contribute to the transformation of space over time. However, among all, culture and capital are always the most important driven factors in the gentrification process. Part 01: A Brief History of Beijing 798 Art Zone Part 02: A Comparison Study of SoHo, New York Part 03: Gentrification in Beijing 798 Art Zone Part 04: Conclusion Part 01: A Brief History of Beijing 798 Art Zone Exterior view, Beijing 798 Art Zone, 2008 Interior view, Beijing 798 Art Zone, 2008 The site of 798 Art Zone was originally one part of Beijing North China Wireless Joint Equipment Factory. It was also called 718 Joint Factory, taking a total land area up to 600,000 sqm in northwest Beijing. In 1950s the early time of the cold war, the newly formed Peoples Republic of China was eager to achieve the goal of national industrialization in order to establish its own economic system. The construction of large-scale factories at the time was to follow the first five year plan (1953-1957), aiming to transform China from a long-history agricultural country to an advanced industrial country based on the Soviet model of developing heavy industries. 718 Joint Factory was initially designed by the East German experts from an architectural institution in Dessau in 1952. Influenced by Bauhaus style, the design was aimed to meet the practical demands, bring the technical and aesthetic property of new material and new structure into effect, as well as retain simplicity and flexibility. The factory was then constructed from 1954 and put into production in 1957. Through the entire 50s, the 718 Joint Factory was regarded as the symbol of national industrialization in the Chinese capital city. In the following twenty years, China had suffered huge social and economic revolutions. Industrialization process was paused severely and even stopped for a period of time. From the failure of The Great Leap Forward in 1958 to the Reform and Opening up policy in 1979, China had shifted from centrally planned economy to market oriented economy, which resulted the fundamental changes of organization for many leftover factories from the 50s. In 1964, the supervisor units canceled the organizational system of 718. 706,707,718,797,798 and 751 started to operate separately as independent factories. Shortly afterwards in 1970s, the once state-owned factory was converted to non-state-owned factory. However the change of organizational system didnt actually bring the expected spring. Till the 1990s, most workers in the factories were so poor that they could no longer make a living here. The final bankruptcy of the factories turned this huge area into an abandoned land at the edge of Beijing city. In December 2000, the former six factories of 700, 706, 707, 718, 797, and 798 were reorganized and incorporated into Beijing Seven-star Science and Technology Co., LTD. The Seven Group rented out the empty plants on a short-term basis. Attracted by convenient traffic, extremely cheap price, unique style of Bauhaus architecture which was featured with high ceiling, massive open floor plan and big windows, many art organizations and individual artists came to rent the vacant factories and transformed them into their work and living space since 2001. Gradually, 798 became a district full of galleries, art studios and cultural companies. The name 798 Art Zone came into being. However just when 798 Art Zone was developing prosperously, the artists were facing evictions due to the pressure from both the government and the real estate developers. The government was proposing re-development project in 798 Art Zone and the surrounding areas for Zhong Guan Cun Science and Technology Electronic Park. And the real estate developers were investing more and more high-end residential projects around 798 areas for the rich middle-class, which had resulted an intensively besieging situation towards the art district. Also the rising reputation of 798 Art Zone had attracted large tourists visit the site everyday. Art atmosphere was overwhelmed by commercial activities in the area. The rise of land price caused the displacement of artists. Many people are predicting that eventually 798 Art Zone will be transformed into a commercial zone similar to the SoHo neighborhood in New York. One day only the luxury brand can afford the space and no artists will be able to stay. The pure art in the so-called art zone will be dead soon. Part 02: A Comparison Study of SoHo, New York The development process of SoHo in New York is the typical US example of urban landscape shaped by gentrification. SoHo is located by the southwest side of Manhattan and has been an industrial zone especially for textile firms since late nineteenth century. After the World War II, the modification in structure of advanced capitalist cities in the US with the shift from industrial to service-based economy had caused the decline of manufactories in the centre of the city. Many factories in SoHo started to move out, leaving large quantities of cast-iron-style buildings known as Loft in the district. While some of them were transformed to warehouses and printing plants, others were unoccupied or torn down to be replaced by gas stations, auto repair shops and parking lots and garages. By the 1950s, the area got the nickname called Hells Hundred Acres, an industrial wasteland full of sweatshops and small factories in the daytime, but empty like a ghost town at night. In the mid-1960s, many artists got interested in the area because of the industrial characters of the buildings: high ceiling, generous s pace and big windows providing natural light. And after all, the most important fact was the low rental price, which meant that the artists could actually occupy the whole floor or even the whole building. Many of these lofts were then redesigned and converted into dual functional studios combining living and working together. However at the time, it was actually not permitted to live in the loft by law. In a way, these artists were squatted illegally. At the time, living in a loft was not appreciated by middle-class. As Sharon Zukin wrote in his book Loft Living, it was considered neither chic nor comfortable if the possibility was considered at all. Making home in a factory district clearly contradicted the dominant middle-class ideas of home and factory, as well as the separate environments of family and work on which these ideas were based  [1]  . It was only the choiceless option of poor artists. In 1971, the amendment of Zoning Resolution had given permission for the artists to live where they worked. The area also received landmark designation as the SoHo-Cast Iron Historic District in 1973, which had preserved the original architecture and avoided the area to be redeveloped. The change of policy and rising reputation of SoHo had attracted more and more artists to work and live here. Soon, SoHo became vibrant again as the center of art and design in New York City. The desirable cultural atmosphere created by art events, and the fluid loft space gradually formed a new lifestyle. People began to find the notion of living in a loft attractive  [2]  . An increasing number of middle-class people moved into certain cultural patterns, particularly an active appreciation of the arts and historic preservation, which had previously been upper-class domains. Their growing identification with fine arts production and fine old buildings let them first to try to protect space for artists and historic preservation and then to appropriate this space which was often in loft buildings for themselves. In this process, art and historic preservation took on a broader meaning. They became both more commercial and less elitist.  [3]   The altered view of loft living reflects the new life attitude among middle-class people between late 1970s to1980s. Most new middle-classes at the time were born after the wartime. In a trend toward a new lifestyle with fewer children, postponed marriages and a fast-rising divorce rate, they were eager to free themselves from the traditional idea of family. Unlike their parents, their desire and dreams were defined in urban rather then suburban terms.  [4]  Theyd prefer to stay in the city to enjoy life or pursuit their careers rather than live in countryside for a peaceful (boring) life. Also, according to Raphael Samuel, the new middle-classes are outward looking rather than inward looking. They have opened up their homes to visitors, and exposed them to the public gaze.  [5]  Also they have a different emotional economy from that of their pre-war predecessors. They go in for instant rather than deferred gratification, making a positive virtue of their expenditure, and tre ating the self-indulgent as an ostentatious display of good taste.  [6]   The character of SoHo did fulfill their new desires the unusual way of living in a loft; the freedom and passion of life from an artist neighbor; home as a place taking the rich history from the past in architecture termsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The wonderful cultural atmosphere full of art and adventure is no doubt one of the main reason that attracts the middle-class to gentrify SoHo. In this stage, culture showed its great importance to push gentrification process. The move-in of middle-classes is the concrete evidence. And very soon the fine art production started to absorb investment of commercial capitals. Sharon Zukin regarded this type of urban renaissance model as the Artistic Mode of Production The role of capital investment will then take over the cultural effect and push forward to the next stage of gentrification. And of course the intervention of investment capitals is not just the result of the cultural attractions. It also sat in the broader social economic modification happening in the country. First is the major suburbanization process across the US caused most middle-classes moved to live in the countryside while left the city unoccupied. The declined city with loads of abandoned spaces was then taken over by lower classes and homeless people. Such capital devalorization produced the rent gap, which referred to the disparity between the potential ground rent level and the actual ground rent capitalized under the present land use  [7]  . Potentially it provided great opportunities for developers to invest new projects and earn high profit. It had encouraged gentrification and urban renaissance in the US cities. Secondly, in order to alter the situation of declined city, the US government had proposed a series of urban renewal plans including the clearance of slums and encouraging real estate development. Many areas especially around central business districts (CBD) are been redeveloped into high-end apartments, commercial offices and cultural facilities, which had enlarged the CBD and improved the urban conditions of living. Thirdly, according to the law of market economy, production is always driven by consumption. Therefore, the investment of SoHo was driven by the fact that middle-classes had the strong will to purchase. Beside the cultural attraction, other points cannot be ignored neither such as, location advantage. The globalization process and the transformation of US cities from industrial to post-industrial economy had increased working opportunities in serviced-based industry. The white-collar middle-class is the product of such economic situation. The globalization made big cities become the networked pinpoints and the command center of global economic operation. Under such extreme competitive situation, time and distance meant money and efficiency. Many white-collar employees moved to live in the declined areas close to their offices in the central business district. For this reason, SoHo was a good choice. The development of luxury housing had also caused the boom of shop and catering businesses as well as tourism in SoHo. The increasing commercial atmosphere had pushed the land price dramatically. The gentrification process had forced many pioneering artists to move out due to the unaffordable price of housing. Most previous lofts are now trendy shops, pricy restaurants or expansive apartments. The Art SoHo neighborhood is steadily eroded from the street pattern by commercial landscapes. That is the development model of SoHo. Part 03: Gentrification in Beijing 798 Art Zone The gentrification phenomenon in China is rooted in the complex nesting of social, political, economic and cultural shifts. It is the result of multiple forces behind the surface. And again, culture and capital play the more significant role in the game. Culture in the 798 case can be divided into two parts. One is the existing cultural value the historical Bauhaus architecture, and the other is the cultivated cultural value gradually formed by the artists. However the cultivated culture had experienced a devaluation process through the commercialization of art products. And in the end turned culture value to commercial value. In 798 site, history and reality, industry and the arts perfectly meet. The cultural value went to its peak in the first a few years after the settle of artists. Art galleries, artist studios, salons and museums transformed this abandoned industrial site to a dreamland of art and design. The name 798 Art Zone came into being. Since this name was getting more and more famous, the actually art production and fine old industrial buildings had absorbed investment of commercial capitals. Shops and restaurants started to occupy the plots, and soon countless tourists rushed in from all over the world. 798 became one of the must-go spots in Beijings cultural tourism. The consequence is big galleries and commercial institutes remained but pioneering artists moved out due to rental price. Some third-rate artists moved in selling cheap works. You can still see paintings and sculptures everywhere in 798, however they have nothing to do with art but money. The strong smell of commercialized products had replaced the pure taste of art. It seems more like a 798 Commercial Zone instead of 798 Art Zone. This is the first round of absorbing capitals from its original cultural value, which happened within the art zone itself. The second round is occurring in the adjacent areas around 798 with capital investment both from the government and the developers. 798 Art Zone is located in the area called Wang Jing in northeast edge of Beijing in Zone 4. One major difference between Chinese and American urbanism is that, while in America, the development is going backwards to the city site from suburban; the Chinese model is to enlarge the city territory by expanding to suburban areas due to the saturation of land sources and the over-development of the city center. In planning outline of Beijing, Wang Jing, where 798 Art Zone laid is marked for the new CBD (Central Business District) and high-tech companies especially communication and Internet industries. The government had proposed to build Zhong Guan Cun Science and Technology Electronic Park in 798 and its surrounding areas in 2002. Originally, all tenants in 798 factories should be evacuated by the end of 2005 in order to start construction. Through a long fight between the government and the artists, 798 Art Zone had been temporarily reserved, however still faced the risk of been demolished at some point in the future. In the Chinese case, the national capital takes the fundamental effect in the process of urbanization. Different from the US system, in China, all land sources belong to the government. While the government only takes a guiding role in the US, the Chinese government actually takes direct actions by investing with national capitals to modify urban patterns. On the other hand, the city planning strategy and investment of national capital also caused further investment from private developers. Because of the urban set up of CBD and high-tech zone in the area, there are a lot of white-collar middle-classes living here, which makes Wang Jing as one of the main residential districts in Beijing. And this provides great opportunities for real estate developers. Another significant factor to draw the capital from developers is the consumption concept of these white-collar middle-classes in China. In general, they share very similar character and taste with the new middle-class of the US in 1970s/1980s. The Chinese middle-class is formulating their new lifestyle. They choose to live close to work in order to achieve the best efficiency. They appreciate the value of culture. It is the new fashion to live in a cultural district to express their special taste. The only difference compared with the US situation is that they prefer to live in suburban area with a reasonable distance away from the city center in order to gain more living space in an affordable price. Clearly, these consumption views have pushed the production of large residential projects by the developer in this area, where perfectly match the new Chinese middle-class preferred location and cultural requirements. Overall, the input of both national and private capitals and the move-in of rich middle-classes in 798 surrounding areas had formed a besieging situation towards the art zone itself. And together with the inner commercialization process that happened in 798 Art Zone, the rental price of the studio space became extremely high. The artist community as the original cultural generator is forced to leave. That is the unique gentrification process of the 798 case controlled by culture and capital in the Chinese urban context. Part 04: Conclusion The sixty years development of the 798 site reflects the Chinese social economic changes. The transformation of actual space represents the shifting urbanization patterns in Chinese cities. Artists, government, city planners, developers and the middle-class all play significant roles in the gentrification process controlled by culture and capital factors. Similar to the SoHo model in the US, the 798 site has experienced developing stages from an iconic industrial district to an abandoned declined area, and to a vibrant art district, then finally to a commercial zone. While cultural value works as the initial activator and intermediate transforming force, national and private capitals in this Chinese case are the termination factors leading the urban gentrification process of the 798 Art Zone. Eventually, the commercial value takes over the original cultural value. The art zone becomes the past.

Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

Nathaniel Hawthorne was a truly outstanding author. His detailed descriptions and imagery will surely keep people interested in reading The Scarlet Letter for years to come. In writing this book he used themes evident throughout the entirety of the novel. These themes are illustrated in what happens to the characters and how they react. By examining how these themes affect the main characters, Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth, one can obtain a better understanding of what Hawthorne was trying to impress upon his readers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first theme expressed in The Scarlet Letter is that even well meaning deceptions and secrets can lead to destruction. Dimmesdale is a prime example of this; he meant well by concealing his secret relationship with Hester, however, keeping it bound up was deteriorating his health. Over the course of the book this fact is made to stand out by Dimmesdale’s changing appearance. Over the course of the novel Dimmesdale becomes more pale, and emaciated. Hester prevents herself from suffer the same fate. She is open about her sin but stays loyal to her lover by not telling who is the father of Pearl. Hester matures in the book; becomes a stronger character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fact that revenge destroys both the victim and the seeker is another theme presented in the Scarlet Letter. Dimmesdale is the victim of Chillingworth’s revenge upon Hester and whoever her lover happened to be. Dimmesdale, beside his self-inflicted harm was also not helped by the fact Chillingworth enjoyed watching him waste away. However, Chillingworth is also subject to this destiny as evidence by his change in the novel. Chillingworth was considered wise and aged in the beginning of the novel, although, later he is seen as being dusky and evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lastly Nathaniel Hawthorne brings out that we absolutely must accept responsibility for our actions or suffer the consequences come with them. Hester is the prime example for this here because she was smart and freed herself of this great weight quickly so that it wouldn’t drag her down. This theme was not as applicable to Dimmesdale, however, who decided to hide his wrongful actions and was bearing this secret upon his heart and mind at all times.